The Water Molecule

Bonds

Polar Molecule

Water Properties

Heat capacity Latent Heat of Fusion, Vaporization

Surface Tension

Viscosity: What is viscosity? What factors effect the viscosity of water?

Density: What factors control the density of water?

Transmission of Heat, light, and sound in water: SOFAR Channel

Salinity

What factors control salinity of different locations?

What salts are in the oceans?

Principle of Constant Proportions

Conservative (inactive) vs. Non-conservative (active) ions

What are the various sources and sinks for salts?

How long are salts in the ocean?

pH- What does it measure? Why do we care?

Other substances in water

Nutrients

Gases

Organics

Desalination

Solar Still Method

Reverse Osmosis Method

Why does the ocean and atmosphere circulate?

Where is solar radiation greatest? Least?

Density of air masses:

Low pressure (density) air rises, high pressure (density) air sinks

Coriolis Effect-

Apparent deflection to the right in N. Hemisphere, left in S. Hemisphere

Ocean- Atmosphere Interactions

Rain Shadow Effect

Monsoons

Storms

Ocean Layers

based on density (T, P, S)

Stable Water column

Low density water masses above high density! (pycnocline)

Warm water above cool water (thermocline)

Low salinity water above high salinity (halocline)

Water Masses

Mapped using T, P, S and trace elements

Thermohaline circulation occurs due to instability in water columns

Sea Ice vs. Icebergs

Sea ice- in polar latitudes, increases S of water masses

Icebergs- chunks of glaciers!; lower S

El Niño

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

Reversal of atmospheric circulation

Weakening of western-flowing trade winds

Cold upwelling on W. Americas stops